ENGR2000 Fluid Mechanics

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ENGR2000 Fluid Mechanics

Laboratory #2 Reports Guidelines

Technical Report

Overview

Your individual technical report should address the objectives of Laboratory #2. It should describe the experimental work conducted during the laboratory session, present the data collected and calculated and provide an interpretation of the results.

Your analysis should focus on the comparison between the experimental values of friction factor and the corresponding theoretical predictions (also represented graphically in the Moody Chart) for the laminar, transitional and turbulent flow regimes – this type of approach is often used to experimentally validate modelling techniques.

In this exercise, you should demonstrate your analytical and communication skills with a clear and succinct presentation of technical content to disseminate engineering knowledge.

Structure

The technical report must include the following sections:

Cover page: Provide the following details in the sequence: the university name, unit code and title, title of laboratory work, student name, student ID and date.

Table of contents: List the section headings with the page on which they appear in the report.

List of tables/figures: List the tables/figures with their number, their caption and the page on which they appear in the report.

Introduction: In about 300~400 words, describe in your own words the context and the significance of the topic investigated, and the objectives of the experimental study. Use examples and references where appropriate.

Nomenclature: List all variables used in the report with their symbol, name and units in alphabetical
order: Latin symbols followed by Greek symbols.

Background and Theory: Provide a brief summary of the essential concepts required to evaluate the quantities of interest and perform the analysis of the results. Use equations, figures and tables where appropriate.

Methodology: Describe in your own words the apparatus, instruments and conditions used to carry out the experiment. Provide schematic diagrams and/or pictures of the experimental set-up. Where appropriate, indicate the range and accuracy of measuring devices. Provide sample calculations.

The level of detail should be sufficient for the reader to be able to design a similar set-up and reproduce the results presented.

Results: Include two tables to present the measured and calculated data recorded in your worksheet.

Include two figures to present the required graphs: pressure gradient against mean velocity and friction factor against Reynolds number.

Discussion: In about 500 words, describe all observable trends and/or patterns in the data recorded and interpret these observations. Discuss possible discrepancies and sources of errors, and propose alternatives that may improve the quality of the measurements.
Conclusion: In about 100~200 words, provide a brief critical analysis of the work conducted and how the objectives were addressed. Comment on the outcomes of the study and their significance in a broader context.
ENGR2000 Fluid Mechanics

Application Report

Overview

The application report is a two-page individual report presenting a desk-based investigation of the concepts of fluid friction, pressure losses, wall-roughness, and laminar and turbulent flows – demonstrated and quantified through the experimental work of Laboratory #2 – in “real-world” applications.
The purpose of this exercise is to:
• Generate an awareness of the ubiquity of Fluid Mechanics in the “real world”;
• Apply theoretical and laboratory-based study to engineering challenges;
• Practise skills in collecting, sifting, understanding and summarising information from sources; and
• Develop written and diagrammatic presentational skills.

Activities

You will select, study and report on one of the topics listed thereafter, and engage in the following activities:
1. Existing knowledge from books, journals, internet sites, company product information (technical) and any other appropriate source should first be collected from the library or online.
2. The information so gathered will need to be reduced to its most important elements, in doing so establishing a hierarchy of information on the topic.
3. The links between the concepts underpinning the experimental work presented in the technical report and the “real world” application (in your chosen topic) should be established.
4. The final part of the exercise requires the preparation of a cogent report that integrates the in formation gathered and its synthesis, and summarises the most important aspects of your chosen topic.

Note that if you use online resources, be very careful and make sure that these come from a reputable source. Indeed, many websites provide scientifically incorrect information which has not been “refereed” or checked for accuracy. In contrast, websites of official bodies, e.g. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), tend to be well controlled and can be trusted.

Context of your investigation

In Laboratory #2, you learned about friction between the flow and wall of the pipe, and that the level of friction depends upon whether the flow is laminar or turbulent as well as the pipe material.

Friction causes energy to be lost (to heat and sound energy usually) and therefore consumes the power being provided by the pump to keep the flow going. Thus, the pumping power required to maintain a pipe flow depends upon the amount of friction that exists over the length of the pipe. For open-channel flows where the fluid surface is exposed to atmosphere, the flow is driven by gravitational effects as opposed to a pump, and the incline of the channel provides a reduction in potential energy of the fluid that balances the energy loss due to friction at the channel walls. For flows past ships, aircraft and cars etc., it is the power of the engine that provides the thrust or forward force that overcomes the friction; i.e. the engine provides the energy that is lost to friction.

The foregoing ideas will inform your investigation of one of the following topics but you should remember that your investigation should link to friction losses – there are many other types of losses in fluid flows.

List of Topics

The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) linked to each topic are indicated below.

Process-plant Systems: Process-plants such as refineries have highly complex interlinked pipe systems. How are pumps and pipe lengths arranged/chosen by the designers of these systems? (SDG 8)

Water-plants and/or Irrigation Schemes: These feature open-channel flows to manage the move ment of water. Investigate and describe the causes and effects of friction in such channels. (SDGs 2 & 6)

Aerodynamic skin-friction drag on vehicles: Investigate and describe the importance of skin-friction drag in air, the factors that determine how much it is experienced and what engineering-design measures can be taken to reduce it. (SDG 11)

Hydrodynamic skin-friction drag on ships, boats, surf-boards etc.: Investigate and describe the importance of skin-friction drag in water, the factors that determine how much it is experienced and what engineering-design measures can be taken to reduce it. (SDG 8)

Blood flow in the human body: Investigate and describe examples of the effects of flow friction in the blood-flow system of the human body and what effects this may have, for example, in terms of healthy function and illness. (SDG 3)

Fluid Mechanics in sports technology: Reducing drag even if only incrementally, either on the hu man body or on equipment such as a javelin or bicycle, can make a major difference in competition.

Taking up to three examples (or just focusing on one), describe the importance of friction drag and techniques used to reduce it (or increase it, if that produces a benefit) in sports technology. (SDG 8)

Slurry flows in the resource industries: Your laboratory work entailed the use of water which is a Newtonian fluid (see Chapter 1 of the lecture series). Slurry is a non-Newtonian fluid (because it is a combination of a liquid and solid) and clearly it generates friction when it flows. Investigate and describe friction in slurry flows (pumped through pipes and/or driven by gravity in channels). (SDG 8)

Underground mine ventilation: Efficient ventilation is critical for workers and equipment operating in underground mines. Its main purposes are the supply of fresh air and the extraction of potentially toxic gases, dust and heat. Investigate and describe designs of ventilation systems and the factors contributing to fluid friction in underground tunnels. (SDG 8)

Biological exploitation of flow friction: At the very small scale (typically where the Reynolds num ber is very low), fluid friction forces can be large (relative to other forces). Through evolution, Nature has exploited friction, for example in the dispersion of pollen or the swimming of micro organisms. Investigate and describe examples of where Nature has adapted to and benefited from the effect of flow friction. (SDGs 14 & 15)

Animal locomotion: It is advantageous (in terms of natural selection) for animals to experience low skin-fiction drag when they swim or fly because, for the same energy expenditure, they can move faster or keep moving for longer. Using examples, investigate and describe the ways that animals have evolved so that their friction drag has become lower. (SDGs 14 & 15)

Structure

The application report must include the following sections and be of maximum length 2 pages (including ALL the sections described below):

Header: Provide the following details in the sequence: name, student ID, date of the report and topic title. This part should not occupy more than a 10th of the first page of the report.

Introduction: This section provides in approximately 150 words some context for the topic chosen and highlight the different aspects described in the main body.

Main Body: This part contains the description and synthesis of the knowledge sourced in a logical form so that the reader can easily assimilate the findings of the investigation. Sections and subsections (both unnumbered) with suitable headings (do not use “Main Body” as a section heading) should be included to make the presentation clearer. Equations, figures and tables should be included in the main body where appropriate and cited in the text by their number.

Conclusion: This section provides in approximately 100 words a set of brief conclusions which encapsulate the findings of the investigation.

References: This section lists all the sources of information (no more than 6) that contributed to the report. Where appropriate, these references should be cited in the main body of the report. Information about the source/reference should be sufficient for the reader to be able to access the source independently, e.g. to obtain further or more detailed information. The referencing style for this unit is Chicago. More information can be found on this style from the Library website: http://libguides.library.curtin.edu.au/referencing.

Formatting

You must follow the following formatting guidelines when preparing both reports:

• The paper size must be A4 and margins must be of 2 cm at top, bottom, left and right.
• The font size must be 11pt throughout. A different font size can only be used for the cover page/main header (max. 18pt), section headings (max. 16pt) and references (10pt).
• The font type must be Times New Roman or equivalent.
• The text must be single-line spaced and a blank line must be inserted between paragraphs.
• Tables, graphs and diagrams must be numbered and labelled with a suitable caption.

Submission

You must submit through Turnitin the technical and application reports separately as two PDF files.

Two submission links, one for each report, are available on the Laboratory #2 page on BlackBoard.

As indicated in the unit outline, late submission is NOT permitted for these assessment items. Please make sure to leave plenty of time to submit your reports through Turnitin before the due date and time. Allow time for any unexpected technical issues.
Due date and time for both electronic submissions:
2 weeks* after the date of your Laboratory #2 session – 11:59pm (AWST)
Refer to the Laboratory Schedule available on BlackBoard for the exact due date of your group

* The submission due date for students attending a Laboratory #2 session prior to teaching week 7 is 3 weeks after the date of the session because the concepts of friction in pipe flows are covered in the lecture in teaching week 7.

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