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Sociology 140: Social Stratification
Data Investigation Assignment
Topic: Racial Segregation in the United States
De facto or de jure? How policies create and reinforce inequality
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Assignment: This investigation will require you to visit two website data repositories: (1) The Mapping Inequality site at the University of Richmond’s Digital Scholarship Lab, which compiles the maps created by the federal government's Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) between 1935 and 1940; and (2) The ArcGIS Raceand Ethnicityinthe USby Dot Density(2020Census)site, which visually depicts the 2020 US Census data on race/ethnicity.
NOTE: the color-coding used for the HOLC maps and the Race and Ethnicity Dot Density map are not coordinated, i.e., areas colored red, blue, green, yellow represent different characteristics on the HOLC maps and the Racial Dot map.
Part 1: Investigating the characteristics associated with HOLC mortgage ratings.
Visit The MappingInequality site found at https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#loc=5/39.1/-94.58.
Learn more about the information found on this site at“Introduction”page in the“Read about Redlining”section of the site. The following information from the“Read about Redlining”pages is particularly relevant to this assignment:
HOLCstaffmembers, working wit local reales tate professional sineachcity—lenders, developers, and realest ateappraisers—assigned grade store side ntialneigh borhoo dsthatreflectedtheir “mort gagesecurity”that would then be visualize don color-codedmaps.
Neigh borhood sreceiving the highest grade of “A, colore dgreenonthemaps, were deemed minimalrisks for banks and other mort gage lenderswhentheyweredeterminingwhoshouldreceiveloansandwhichareasinthecit weresafeinvestments. Those receivingthe lowestgradeof “D,”coloredred,wereconsidered “hazardous. ”
“Fourhierarchicalriskcategorieswereused:greenrepresented "A"grade, whichwasconsideredthe"Best"withminimalrisk;blue represented "B"grade, or "Still Desirable";yellowrepresented "C"grade, or "Definitely Declining";andred "Dgrade"indicated"Hazardous" areaswiththehighestperceivedrisktolenders.
The HOLCfieldagentscollecteddataincludinghousingconditions, accesstorecreational andotheramenities, andproximityofenvironmentalburdensandbenefitstoinformthesegrades. Theyalsocollecteddataabouttheracial, ethnic, andclassidentitiesofresidents. ”
Return to the landing page (which looks like the map pictured at the right) by clicking on“Explore the Maps”and follow the steps detailed in the following questions.
1. Click on the dot 
for Detroit.
Note that the box on the left of the screen presents information from the HOLC report for a selected area. Click on the“FULL”button will reveal the full contents of the HOLC report.
• Zoom in a bit so you can see the separate areas outlined and colored green, blue, yellow and red.
• Click on 3 different areas with each of the following rating levels – green, yellow and red – and record the
information presented in the“1. Population,”“6. Mortgage Availability”and“9. Location”sections of the report for each using the table on the following page.
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Rating |
9. Location |
1.e. Shifting or Infiltration |
1.c. Foreign Families |
1.d. Negro |
1.b. Class & Occupation |
6. Mortgage Funds |
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Green |
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Green |
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Green |
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Yellow |
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Yellow |
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Yellow |
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Red |
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Red |
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Red |
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2. Review the information you recorded in the table above and describe any patterns you observe. For example, are particular values on the“1.b,”“1.c,”“1.d,”“1.e”or“6”aspects of an area more prevalent for the“Green,”
“Yellow,”or“Red”rating level compared to the others rating levels?
Part 2: Examining residential segregation by race in 2020, 7 decades after the overt use of HOLC maps
Visit Raceand Ethnicityinthe USby Dot Density(Census2020)found athttps://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html.
Read about the map on the home page, click on 
and explore the interactive map. Then use it to answer the questions below. Note: when you zoom in you will see the location labels.
This multi-scale map uses dots to represent the population of each race/ethnicity living within an area. The map opens at the state level, centered on the lower 48 states. Data is from U.S. Census Bureau's 2020 PL 94-171 data for tract, block group, and block. The Dot Density Map presents every single American living in the United States in 2020—one dot represents a specific number of people depending on how detailed the view—broken down by the block they lived on and their self-reported racial/ethnic identity. The map provides an interactive way to investigate the population distribution in the US, both in terms of population density and racial segregation/integration.
As context, here is the 2020 representation of major racial/ethnic groups in the US: White (not Hispanic) 61.6%
Black or African American 12.4%
American Indian and Alaskan Native 1.1%
Asian or Asian American 7.2%
Native Hawaiian, Other Pacific Islander 0.2%
Hispanic or Latino 18.7%
1. Using the buttons at the bottom right of the map, zoom out so that you can see the full map of the lower 48
United States. Now zoom in slightly and pan around. Describe the racial distribution of the population across the US.
Part 2: continued
The following questions ask you to describe the racial/ethnic distribution of the population in specific metropolitan areas. Here are some characteristics you might investigate and feature in your description:
• the degree of racial/ethnic representation and clustering (e.g., what racial/ethnic groups are represented, what is the relative size of each, where are they in relation to each other and/or to the central city);
• the degree of segregation/integration (e.g., how distinct or mixed are the clusters, which racial groups are represented in relatively integrated areas);
• the character of the boundaries between clusters (e.g., are they sharp and distinct, or are they characterized by bands of racial integration, do they coincide with physical entities).
2. The Detroit metropolitan area is one of the most racially segregated metro areas in the US. Zoom in on Detroit and describe the overall distribution of the population by race/ethnicity.
3. a. Locate the area that aligns (generally, the location names may be helpful) with one of the “green” areas you choose in Part 1 and describe the population distribution by race/ethnicity in that area on the Race and
Ethnicity Dot Density Map.
b. Locate the area that aligns (generally, the location names may be helpful) with one of the “red” areas you choose in Part 1 and describe the population distribution by race/ethnicity in that area on the Race and
Ethnicity Dot Density Map.