EECS 16A Designing Information Devices and Systems I
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4.Strike a Chord (4 points)
Alex built a bot that helps you learn to play the guitar.It listens to you play a melody and compares it to a target melody.Each melody maps to a vector.The target melody you are learning maps to [1 -11 -1]^
You play"melody A"that maps to [-111 -1]"and“melody B”that maps to |
A smaller angle between two melodies means they are closer. Does “melody A"or “melody B”have a smaller angle with the target melody?Justify your response.
θ |
0° |
30° |
45° |
60° |
90° |
cos(θ) |
1 |
√3/2 |
1/√2 |
1/2 |
0 |
Table 4.1:Helpful cosine values.
5.Landing Gear(13 points)
Youbin,a forgetful space pilot,often forgets to deploy his landing gear on his spaceship.Using his knowl- edge from the capacitive touchscreen lab,he wants to design a circuit that will sense when the spaceship is close to the surface and automatically deploy the landing gear.
(a)(5 points)Youbin installs two electrodes Ei and Ez on the bottom of his spaceship as shown in Figure 5.1.
Surface
Figure 5.1:Capacitance diagram when landing
The two electrodes form a capacitor with capacitance Co.When the spaceship nears the surface, the electrodes also form a capacitor Ci and Cz with the surface.The surface can be assumed to be conductive.Draw a circuit diagram that represents the system when the spaceship is near the surface.Explicilty label the capacitors Co,Ci,Cz and the nodes Ei,Ez and Surface.What is the equivalent capacitance Ceg between Ei and Ez when the spaceship is near the surface?You mayuse the parallel operator in your answer.
(b)(4 points)In order to detect the change in capacitance,Youbin connects a time-varying current source l,(t)to the electrodes with effective capicitanceCeg,as shown in Figure 5.2.
Figure 5.2
He knows that when landing,Ceq=1μF and I₃(t)outputs a square wave shown in Figure 5.3.
Figure 5.3
Assuming Vc(0)=0V,plot Vc(t)from t=0ms tot =2.5ms in the space provided below.Clearly label the minimum and maximum values.
(c)(4 points)Youbin finds that the difference in peak voltages of Vc is small when the capacitance changes. He decides to amplify Vc by a gain of 5 in order to better distinguish the peak voltages.He designs the circuit shown in Figure 5.4.You may assume the op-amp is ideal. Choose values for resistors R₁ and R₂such that Vout =5Vc.Show your work.
Figure 5.4:Amplifier circuit
6.Let's Go,Mooncow!(28 points)
UC Berkeley,in preparation for their new Space Exploration Research Center at NASA Ames,has tasked you with understanding the space travels of a newly discovered creature named “Mooncow” .
(Despite his name,Mooncow bears a surprisingly strong resemblance to what we call "Monkeys"on Earth).
A scientist's depiction of “Mooncow”
For this problem,assume the galaxy is two-dimensional,and the sun represents the origin.
(a)(2 points)Mooncow is movi and has access to three boosters.Each booster moves him in a speife dirction.He must choose the fewet number of bosters to reach any point in the galaxy.Which boosters should he choose?
Note:There may be multiple correct answers.
(b)(3 points)Mooncow wants to plot the locations of two planets.Using the provided graph,plot the position vectors of the planets he sees:Planet X: ,rame x: Lahd the plhnats.
(c)(4 points)Mooncow sees a solar eclipse taking place on Planet B due to the position of Planet A.He is at ,Phmet Ais at and Phmet Bis at .Momcow want to tawe to the clipsedt regon (i.e.the line segment joining the two planets)as shown in Figure 6.1.Mooncow takes the shortest path to reach this line segment.
Compute the coordinates of where Mooncow will arrive on the path of the eclipse,and state how far he will be from Planet A when he arrives.Your solution must be justified by calculations,but you may use the graph to help you. (d)Gpoinsy)Momcow/posion vecor is at .Hteisothingthe sun ina counietloct wise dirction.
(6)(4 poinsy Kmay fnd Montcow is taeatedat .Hereealiteaes his measturement device and finds these measurements need to be rotated clockwise by 60 degrees. Find Mooncow's real location. Show your work.Recall that sint ,and a
(f)(4 points)We have lost track of Mooncow and are searching the galaxy for him!Anish is located on Plmet Xal ,amd he ditets Moncow is 4 uit awaySshiyai bcatdon PhnaYa ,and she detects Mooncow is 5 units away.They know Mooncow always stays at least 2 units away from the sun.What coordinates is Mooncow at? Show your work.Your solution must be justified by calculations,but you may use the graph to help you.
(g)(4 points)Sayan has been tracking Mooncow and has the following measurements for Mooncow's
positions;
Table 6.1
X |
y |
-3 0 5 0 5 4 |
-8 10 0 -10 0 6 |
Kepler's laws dictate that Mooncow's spaceship follows an elliptical orbit.Recall an ellipse follows the formula ax²+βxy+p²+δx+ey=1.What are the unknowns Sayan must identify to find the equation for the ellipse?Using the data points in Table 6.1,formulate the least squares equation in matrix-vector form that would be used to solve for the equation of the ellipse.
(h)(4 points)To bring Mooncow back home,Anish needs to know Mooncow's mass.He cannot measure Mooncow's mass directly;instead,he measures the gravitational force on Mooncow F and Mooncow's acceleration a and uses the equation F =ma to solve for mass.The measurements of Mooncow's acceleration and force are as follows:
Table 6.2
|
|
-2 -1 0
2 |
-20 -15 -3 10 20 |
We use the equation F≈ma to relate these variables.Set up a least squares problem to estimate m. Compute the least squares solution of m.Show your work.
7.Caterwauls!(18 points)
(a)(4 points)Thomas'cat Luna frequently wanders off.In order to keep track of her,Thomas is building
a tracking system.He installs a tracking collar that transmits a distinct signal I shown in Figure 7.1.
In order to test his system he records the signal r,as well as the cross-correlation corr;(1).Unfor- tunately,he realizes that has been corrupted in some places,as shown in Figure 7.2.The cross- correlation corr-(1)is given in Figure 7.3.
Figure 7.3:Cross-correlation corrf(1)
Recover the missing entriesF[1]and -[2].Show your work.
(b)(3 points)Luna has wandered off!To locate her,Thomas records the signal $transmitted by Luna's
collar and computes corr;(7)shown in Figure 7.4.
Figure 7.4:Cross-correlation corr;(i)
Assume that the x-axis ticks correspond to a shift of 1×10-6 s and the transmissions travelat 3×10⁸m/s. Compute the distance between Thomas and Luna.Show your work.
(c)(4 points)To prevent Luna from wandering too far,Thomas wants to design a circuit that plays a recall sound through a speaker.The volume of the speaker should increase proportionally to Luna's distance from him.Thomas already has a converter circuit that converts Luna's distance to a voltage Vdaist.The converter circuit and speaker can be represented by the Thevenin equivalents shown in Figures 7.5 and 7.6 respectively
Figure 7.5:Thevenin equivalent of converter
Figure 7.6:Thevenin equivalent of speaker
Thomas first connects the two circuits together directly,shown in Figure 7.7.
Figure 7.7:Direct connection
Given that OV≤Vaist≤6V,what is the maximum power dissipated by the speaker?
(d)(4points)Thomas realizes that the speaker volume is too low when directly connected to the converter. He instead wants to connect the circuits such that Vspeaker =Vaist.He only has access to a single ideal op-amp and no other components. Complete the circuit below by connecting the elements given. No element terminal should be left unconnected.
(e)(3 points)Thomas needs to build a resistor out of resistive cubes which have a length,width,and height of 5×10-³m and a resistivity of 8×10-32m.He plans to attach the cubes in a line into one long resistor.How many cubes does he need to make a 40Q resistor?Justify your answer.
8.Aficiona-dough (25 points)
Jiarui owns two pizza shops:Slice and Cheddarboard.He models the movement of his customers each week.Each timestep represents a week.
(a)(4 points)Each week 40%of Slice's customers move to Cheddarboard to buy pizza,while the re- maining customers stay at Slice.25%of Cheddarboard customers move to Slice,while the remainder stay at Cheddarboard.Draw a state transition diagram modeling the flow of customers between Jiarui's restaurants.
(b)(4 points)Jiarui observes that the system follows a new state transition diagram (due to a change in his menu),which is given in Figure 8.1.
Figure 8.1:New state transition diagram of the system.
Write the state transition matrix P corresponding to the Figure 8.1,such that c[t+1]=P·e[t]
What is the nullspace of P? Justify your answer.
(c)(6 points)Jiarui opens a third pizza shop:Asparagus.Initially,he has a total of 120 customers.The state transition matrix of the system describing the flow of customers between the three restaurants is:
Find the number of customers in each shop at steady state.Show your work.
(d)(6 points)Jiarui again observes a change in his system,and finds the new state transition matrix is
(e)(5points)Let a state transition matrix S have eigenvalues λ₁=1,λz=2 and corresponding to eigenvectors vi,v2 and vʒrespectively.The initial state is given by c[0]=α₁Vi+a₂2+a₃B,
where ay,αz,G₃∈R.Let cll]represent the state after t timesteps.
Write c[t]in terms of a;,λ;and vi,where i=1,2,3.
Under what conditions on ai,az and a₃is ]finite?Justify your answer.
Proofs (15 points)
(a)(7 points)Consider matrices A∈RnXn and B∈Rm×n.Assume that A is invertible and B has a non- trivial nullspace.Prove that BA has a nontrivial nullspace.
(b)(8 points)LetA1,A₂,…,A,be k matrices in Rn×".Assume all A;have V∈R"as an eigenvector,with corresponding eigenvalue A for i=1,2,…,k.Assume that 1,and the matrix is invertible,where I is the identity matrix in Rn×n.Prove that v is an eigenvector of ( What is the corresponding eigenvalue? Show your work.
10.Orthonormal Least Squares (13 points)
(a)(5 points)Suppose we are given the matrix where |lai||=|la₂||=1 and di is orthogonal to dz,i.e.,đi⊥dz.Show that di and dz are linearly independent
Hint:Consider a proof by contradiction(assume ai and az are linearly dependent,i.e.,ai =βaz forβ∈R).
(b)(8 points)Now suppose that the matrix A ∈RnXn is such that where ||ai||=||a₂||…=|la,|=1 and ai,…,a,are pairwise mutually orthogonal,i.e.d;⊥d;for all i,j=1,…,nandi≠j.For b∈R",we are given(d,b)=c;fori=1,…,n.Find the projection of b onto Col(A),where Col(A)represents the column space of A.Write your answer in terms of ai and ci.Show your work.
Hint:The projection ofbonto Col(A)is given by At where t isthe least squares solution ofAx=b.
11.Gold Code Inner Product Circuits (27 points)
Recall that Gold codes are sequences with elements equal to±1.We often need to compare the similarity of Gold codes by finding their inner product.In this problem,we will try to design a circuit that can compute inner products of Gold codes.
(a)(2points)We are given two Gold codes 5i=[1 -1 -1 -111]'and=[11 -1 -11 -1]¹
each of length 6.The codes are represented by time-varying voltage signals V₁(t),Vz(l)that map the ±1 elements to±1V symbols of length 1ms as shown in Figure 11.1.
Figure 11.1:Time-varying voltage signals V₁(t),Vz(t)that represent si,52 respectively
Compute the inner product (5i,s2).Show your work.
(b)(8 points)For Gold code signals,we notice that the multiplication of±1 elements is equivalent to checking if the two elements are equal.In the inner product circuit shown in Figure 11.2,an inverting summer and a match detect circuit are used to check when V₁(t)=V2(t).The results from the match detect circuit are then integrated across the length of the signal to produce Vip which represents the final inner product value.
Figure 11.2:Block diagram of inner product circuit
In this part,we wish to design the inverting summer block.We have access to a single ideal op-amp (already drawn)and up to three resistors for which we can choose values.No other components are available.Design a circuit such that Vum=-V₁-Vz Label the resistances for all resistors used.
(c)(5 points)The match detect circuit wants to use Vsum=-Vi-Vz to determine when Vi =V2.When Vum=2V,we know that Vi and Vz match with value-1V.When Vum=-2V,we know that Vr and V₂match with value 1 V.The match detect circuit can be implemented using comparators with outputs Vm+and Vm-as shown in Figure 11.4.
Vsum |
Vm+ |
Vm- |
2V |
1V |
-3 V |
0 V |
1V |
1V |
-2V |
-3 V |
1V |
Choose values for VRef+and VRef-such that Vsum,Vm+,Vm- satisfy the table in Figure 11.3.Justify your answer.
(d)(7 points)In order to compute the inner product,we can use the circuit in Figure 11.5 to integrate the match signals.You may assume the op-amp is ideal.
Figure 11.6
Figure 11.5:Inverting integrator circuit
The waveforms for Vm+(1)and Vm-(t)are given in Figure 11.6.
·Plot Ic(r)from t=0ms tot=6ms in the graph provided.Label the units and current values in your graph.
·Compute Vp(6ms).Assume that Vp(0)=0V.
Show your work.
(e)(5 points)As we increase the signal length,the maximum/minimum value of Vip also increases.In order to keep the output voltage to a manageable level,we decide to switch out the 1μF capacitor for a variable capacitor shown in Figure 11.7.
Figure 11.7:Variable capacitor
The capacitor has square plates with length and width l with a separation of d.Inside,we have a dielectric material withpermittivity ε=5eo that we can slide to change the total capacitance between the plates.x measures the displacement of the dielectric material.Assuming O≤x≤l,find the total capacitance C in terms of l,d,x,eo.You do not need to reduce your answer.Show your work.
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